![]() ![]() In Sardinia, the rivers host two non-native species: rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) and brown trout of North Atlantic origin ( Salmo trutta). ![]() Since the 1970s, an evident progressive reduction in native trout presence in the original areas has been observed (Cottiglia, 1968). To date, the only small-scale fish farm (Sadali fish farm) producing trout fry was entirely devoted to the production of Mediterranean native trout for experimental reintroduction programmes (Sabatini et al., 2011, 2018). Trout farming in Sardinia is carried out by a few small family producers, for a total harvest of 1 ton per year. Italy was the first producer of salmonids in the EU, and Oncorhynchus mykiss (Pastorino & Prearo, 2015) represents the first fish from aquaculture, with 35,100 tons produced in 2017. In Italy, an average fish consumption of 30.9 ± 0.6 kg/per capita was calculated in 2017 (Eumofa, 2020). Researchers have shown that the degree of metal accumulation in fish is dependent on the metal type, fish species, age, sex, geographical distribution, and tissue (Petrovic et al., 2013 Ptashynski et al., 2002).įish and seafood products are primary components of the human diet due to their nutrients, showing high levels of healthy polyunsaturated fatty acids of the ω3 series (EPA and DHA), which are associated with a reduced heart disease risk (Corrias et al., 2020a Psota et al., 2006 Wang et al., 2017a, b), micronutrients, and high-quality protein (Garcia-Esquinas et al., 2019 Harris et al., 2008 Lee et al., 2008 Mohanty et al., 2019). The concentration of heavy metals in fish has been extensively studied over the past several decades. Metals can positively affect organisms however, they can also affect fish’s biochemical functions in terms of growth, reproduction, and wellbeing (Wang et al., 2017a, b). Maximum levels of heavy metals have been set in foodstuffs (EC 1881/2006, 2020 EC 629/2008, 2020), together with the official method of analysis (EURL, 2012).įish and other water organisms can be affected by water pollution, mainly accumulating chemical substances that remain in the water columns for a relatively long time (Gündoğdu & Erdem, 2008). Heavy metals are naturally occurring element present in trace amounts that can contaminate animals, vegetables, and fish along the food chain and are a problem for human safety (Masindi & Muedi, 2018). ![]() Non-carcinogenic risk assessment, expressed as THQ (target hazard quotient), showed values far below 1 for all metals in muscles, while high As and Hg contamination of the gut draws attention to possible health risks which should be discarded from the fish before consumption. TR (target cancer risk) values showed alarmingly high values for As and Cd when the fish were consumed entirely (gut + EP), while Pb levels were far below the safety levels. PCA analysis showed a fairly good correlation between the total lipid and SAFA content and Cd, Hg, and Pb accumulation in the gut. The results, expressed as μg g −1, showed different levels of accumulation in the EP and guts, following the series Cu > Zn > Ba > Al > Sr > Fe > Pb and Fe > Al > Hg > As > Mn > Cu > Ba > B > Zn > Pb, respectively. The concentration of 22 metals and metalloids after chemical digestion was assessed by inductively coupled plasma-optic emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) in both the guts and the edible part (EP, muscle + skin) of brown trout. Fish has a relevant position within the human diet moreover, fishes can accumulate metals, making them a valuable tool as biomarkers for risk assessment studies. Metals are widespread pollutants of aquatic systems, and their contamination can originate from anthropogenic activities such as industrial waste, agricultural and domestic environments, and geochemical release. This paper reports heavy metal and metalloid accumulation in wild brown trout ( Salmo trutta L., 1758 complex) raised in freshwater and uncontaminated Sardinia system (Italy). ![]()
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